Studies investigating differences in mental health problems between self-employed and employed workers have provided contradictory results. Many of the studies utilized scales validated for employed workers, without collecting validity evidence for making comparisons with self-employed. The aim of this study was to collect validity evidence for three different scales assessing depressive symptoms, emotional exhaustion, and sleep disturbances for employed workers, and combinators; and to test if these groups differed. We first conducted approximate measurement invariance analysis and found that all scales (...) were invariant at the scalar level. Self-employed workers had least mental health problems and employed workers had most, but differences were small. Though we found the scales invariant, we do not find them optimal for comparison of means. To be more precise in describing differences between groups, we recommend using clinical cut-offs or scales developed with the specific purpose of assessing mental health problems at work. (shrink)

Aus dem Inhalt: Heinz EIDAM: Die Identitat von Ideal- und Realgrund im Begriff der Wirksamkeit: Fichtes Begrundung des kritischen Idealismus und ihr Problemzusammenhang. - Katsuaki OKADA: Fichte und Schelling. - Robert MARZALEK: Das Poetische in der spaten Wissenschaftslehre aus dem Blickpunkt von Schellings Philosophie der Mythologie. - Hitoshi MINOBE: Die Stellung des Seins bei Fichte, Schelling und Nishida. - Yoichi KUBO: Transformation der Deduktion der Kategorien: Fichte in Hegel. - Arkadij V. LUKJANOW: Die Beziehung zwischen Geist und System bei (...) Fichte und Reinhold. - Susanna KAHLEFELD: Standpunkt des Lebens und Standpunkt der Philosophie: Jacobis Brief an Fichte aus dem Jahr 1799. - Hartmut TRAUB: J.G. Fichte, der Konig der Juden spekulativer Vernunft - Uberlegungen zum spekulativen Anti-Judaismus.". (shrink)

Kein Gelehrter vor Irfan SHAHÎD hat sich so ausführlich mit dem Verhältnis zwischen Byzantinern und Arabern in der vorislamischen Zeit beschäftigt. Mit seinen Arbeiten, schon zwei Bände der Serie „Byzantium and the Arabs“ sind 1995 erschienen, begibt sich Sh. auf ein noch unzulänglich erforschtes, geschweige denn verstandenes Forschungsfeld: Die Geschichte der Araber im größeren Syrien des 6. Jh.s, welche durch „Die ghassânidischen Fürsten aus dem Hause Gafna's“ (so der Titel der grundlegenden Arbeit Theodor NÖLDEKES in den „Abhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. (...) Akademie der Wissenschaften 1887“, 1–62) geprägt wurde. Dazu verfügt der Verf. über seltene Voraussetzungen. Er beherrscht sowohl die klassischen westlichen Sprachen sowie das Syrische und ist ein hervorragender Arabist, der es vor allem vermag, das bei den frühen arabischen Autoren verstreute Material, ich denke dabei besonders an die frühen Dichter, zu deuten. Hohe Sachkompetenz und jahrelange Beschäftigung mit dem Thema bezeugen schon die 1995 erschienen zwei Bände, in denen Sh. die Geschichte der Ġassāniden und ihren Einfluss auf die Politik und das religiöse Leben sowie ihre Rolle in den Kriegen der damaligen Zeit im Detail beschreibt. An sie schließt sich die vorliegende, über 450seitige Arbeit an. (shrink)

This contribution to the special issue is an historical account of Paulo Freire’s pedagogical and administrative praxis before his forced exile in 1964. It relies on interviews collected during a field trip in 1976, a conversation with Paulo Freire in Geneva one year later and on the secondary literature up to date. Being the head of the first Extension Service of a major Brazilian university in the early 1960s gave Freire and his collaborators the space and time to experiment with (...) the today world famous literacy method bearing his name. The concept of ‘Field of Cultural Production’ (Bourdieu) is used to elucidate better Freire and his team’s avant-gardist production within the spaces opened up by Brazil’s popular movements in the early sixties. The contribution shows how the ‘Paulo Freire System’ developed in the praxis of a cultural movement and received its academic consecration in an incremental and eclectic style. (shrink)

An important distinction between phonology and syntax has been overlooked. All phonological patterns belong to the regular region of the Chomsky Hierarchy, but not all syntactic patterns do. We argue that the hypothesis that humans employ distinct learning mechanisms for phonology and syntax currently offers the best explanation for this difference.

1. Die Lehre vom Primat der praktischen Vernunft.

Este artigo procura apresentar asignificativa evolução das relações entre oHomem e o Absoluto no pensamento de MaxScheler. Num primeiro momento, o Homemdeve estar contente com ser, como se fosse umGottsucher, está em vias de ser, no posteriortrabalho, o verdadeiro sócio para um "futuroDeus". A história do homem e a história deDeus tende a ser somente uma única história.

This article addresses the question as to why Maximus the Confessor was first recognized as an official martyr and saint in the imperial Byzantine Church only in the tenth century, although his theology had been accepted by the Sixth Ecumenical Council and his followers began to practice and propagate his cult shortly after his death in 662. The argument begins with a brief description of Maximus’ early veneration and then examines the Sixth Ecumenical Council’s failure to rehabilitate him by detailing (...) the reasons why this was impossible in 681 and also thereafter. Clearly, in the seventh and eighth centuries the cult of Maximus had its centre outside the empire in parts of Palestinian monasticism. During the iconoclastic era, as in the seventh century, Maximus’ name stood once again for opposition to imperial religious policy, for he was held up by those venerating icons as the witness of Tradition to their use. Although during this time iconophile monastic circles in the capital probably fostered his cult as well, his veneration continued to find no official recognition in the ninth century because of on-going division within the church of Constantinople. Only after a great distance in time to the events of the seventh century could official recognition in Byzantium come to Maximus, since the conflicts of that earlier era were no longer relevant. In this context, the ‘Holy Confessor Maximus’ underwent a process of acceptance by the Byzantines who anchored his biography in Constantinople. As a result, the actual circumstances of the monothelete controversy have ultimately been obscured. (shrink)

This essay examines the main sources on the attitude of the Church of Cyprus in the so-called monoenergetic-monotheletic dispute. It is shown that the Church of Cyprus was a loyal and active partner in Constantinople’s policy of reconciliation with the Antichalcedonian churches of the East. Cyprus was also, especially under Archbishop Arkadios (624/25-641/2), a place of exile for opponents of this reconciliation, and in 636 also the venue of an important synod which was attended by legates of almost the whole (...) church. The resulting Ekthesis was approved also in Rome and Jerusalem. Even Maximos did not succeed, after 636, to influence the position of Arkadios through the Cypriot priest monk Marinos. His six letters to Marinos offer no evidence for a dyenergetic or dyotheletic position of the Church of Cyprus. A letter from 643, written by the successor of Arkadios, Sergios (642-655), clearly shows that there was until then no protest against the Constantinopolitan church policy in Cyprus in this time. This letter, which demonstrates the firm dyenergetic and dyotheletic position of the whole Church of Cyprus, was presented at the Lateran Synod of 649, but forged or completely rewritten for this Synod. Even after 643, there is no evidence for public dissent in the Church of Cyprus, nor should it actually be expected. (shrink)

This article investigates the plausibility of the proof presented at the Sixth Ecumenical Council to show that the Logos of Patriarch Menas and the two letters of Pope Vigilius were forgeries. These texts were among the most important testimonia of the so-called Monotheletes, and prove the assertion of one operation and one will in Christ long before the controversy of the seventh century. Through an analysis of the conciliar acts and other texts it is shown that the argumentation of the (...) council was not only incoherent and self-contradictory but actually scandalous, since the evidence presented by an authentic papyrus roll of the Acts of the Fifth Council, with its clear proof of the authenticity of the Vigilius letters, was ignored. In an adoption and further development of the frequently overlooked treatment of this matter in the 1971 edition of the Acts of the Fifth Ecumenical Council the following is demonstrated: the discovery of the longer first edition of the Acts, containing the Vigilius letters, in the original papyrus rolls of the Acts of the Fifth Council led, from the beginning of the so-called monenergist-monothelete controversy, to the introduction of the disputed texts into the shorter second edition contained in codices. It is indisputable that these texts are authentic. (shrink)

Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie „Wir und die Anderen" in Rosenzweigs „neuem Denken" vorkommen, - und das über das Vorkommen als Thema bzw. Gegenstand hinaus im methodischen Sinne der Frage nach dem „Subjekt" dieses „neuen Denkens" selbst. Die These bezüglich dieser Frage lautet, dass Rosenzweig das Thema „Wir und die Anderen" in einer spezifischen „Dia-logik" von Verwurzelung im Eigenen und Verhältnis zum Anderen austrägt. Spezifisch ist insbesondere sein Rekurs auf die „Tatsachen" des „Welttags des Herrn", Schöpfung, Offenbarung und (...) Erlösung, als philosophische Kategorien. Durch sie wäre durchzudeklinieren, wer jeweils „Wir und die Anderen" sind. Denn im Vorgang des Stern gewinnt mit dem „Wir" ein „Subjekt" Gestalt, das den Horizont der Menschheit, des „Wir alle", gerade deshalb nicht unterbieten kann, weil es im „Gottesgeschehen" konstituiert und darin der „Weltgeschichte" ausgesetzt wird. Dass dem so ist, erfährt der Jude Rosenzweig Christen gegenüber und reflektiert er im „Stern der Erlösung" als Sprachgeschehen insbesondere in seinem Konzept „chorischen Sprechens". In diesem Artikel wird die These vermittelt durch den Umweg darüber einer Relecture unterzogen, wie Levinas Rosenzweig im „Wir" des modernen Judentums verortet.This essay is concerned with the question how Rosenzweig's „new thinking" deals with „We and the Others", - and this beyond tackling it as a topic or object but in a methodical sense as the question about the „subject" of the „new thinking" itself. Concerning this question, it is the thesis to explore that Rosenzweig ponders „We and the Others" in a specific „dia-logical" way of becoming deeply rooted in one's own while being related to the other. He specifically refers to the „facts" of the „World-Day of the Lord" as philosophical categories. They could give the cases of who it is particularly, „We and the Others": In the process of the Star a „We" becomes the „subject" which cannot deny the universal horizon of „We all" because it is constituted as such in „God's history", i.e. the temporal sequence of His World-Day, and therefore exposed to „universal world-history". That is Rosenzweig's experience as a Jew face to face with Christians which he reflects upon in the Star as a speech-process, especially in his concept of „choral speech". In this essay, the thesis is submitted to a relecture by means of a detour, which is made by following Levinas' way of locating Rosenzweig in the „We" of the modern Jewish community. (shrink)

Einleitung: Der beginn der neuzeit in der geschichte der philosophie.--Gott und welt; die einheit der gegensätze.--Unendlichkeit im endlichen.--Seele und aussenwelt.--Sein und lebendigkeit.--Das individuum.--Erkenntnis und wille.

Ante la fragmentariedad de las ciencias particulares desarrolladas por el hombre en vísperas del siglo XXI, la obra Cosmos de Humboldt tiene dos puntos interesantes: (a) la sinopsis de los variados y nuevos conocimientos de entonces, y (b) la intención de definir el lugar del hombre en el Cosmos. Una relectura de Humboldt se hace necesaria para conocer su actitud frente a la dispersión del saber, la cual evitaría tener una visión de conjunto del sentido del todo. La tesis de (...) la autora en la primera parte es que dicha concepción se inscribe en el paradigma científico elaborado en la tradición del llamado neovitalismo. Con base en lo anterior, la segunda parte se centra en la relación entre naturaleza y espíritu. (shrink)